Efecto reciproco de impulsividad y consumo de alcohol en adolescentes argentinos

Angelina Pilatti; Constanza Fernández; Anabella Viola; Julieta Soledad García; Ricardo Marcos Pautassi

doi:10.21134/haaj.v17i1.290

Autores/as

Angelina Pilatti CIPSI, Grupo Vinculado al Centro de Investigaciones sobre Cultura y Sociedad (CIECS [CONICET y UNC]). Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina).
Constanza Fernández Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Anabella Viola Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Julieta Soledad García
Ricardo Marcos Pautassi Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba). Córdoba, Argentina. Instituto Ferreyra (INIMEC – CONICET-UNC).

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i1.290

Palabras clave:

impulsividad, toma de riesgos, alcohol, adolescencia, longitudinal

Resumen

Introducción: La evidencia sugiere que niveles más altos de impulsividad se relacionan con el inicio y el incremento del consumo de alcohol y que, además, el consumo de alcohol incrementa la impulsividad y la toma de riesgos. Son escasos, sin embargo, los estudios que analizan el efecto recíproco de impulsividad y consumo de alcohol en estudios longitudinales. Objetivo: examinar, mediante un estudio longitudinal de dos mediciones, la influencia de impulsividad (rasgo y conductual) y de la toma de riesgos sobre el posterior consumo de alcohol y, viceversa, el efecto del consumo de alcohol sobre la impulsividad y la toma de riesgos. Muestra: Participaron 161 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años (50.3% mujeres, Media de edad = 15.83, DE = 0.85) asistentes a cuatro colegios de la Ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). Procedimiento: se realizaron dos mediciones separadas por un periodo de tres meses. En cada medición, los participantes completaron una encuesta para determinar el consumo de alcohol y la impulsividad rasgo. Asimismo, completaron una batería de tres pruebas informatizadas para medir inhibición de respuesta, toma de riesgos y aversión a la demora. Resultados: El 98% tomó alcohol alguna vez en la vida y más del 50% de los adolescentes reportó consumir más de 50 gramos de alcohol por ocasión. Los resultados evidencian una relación recíproca entre impulsividad y toma de riesgos con el consumo de alcohol. El consumo de alcohol en el Tiempo 1, en especial la cantidad y frecuencia de consumo episódico elevado, impactaron sobre una mayor toma de riesgos e impulsividad rasgo (particularmente en la tendencia a actuar impulsivamente bajo estados emocionales intensos) en el Tiempo 2. Asimismo, un mayor nivel de impulsividad rasgo tuvo un efecto positivo y prospectivo sobre la frecuencia y cantidad de consumo de alcohol. Discusión: El principal hallazgo de este trabajo es indicar, en población adolescente, y con un intervalo entre mediciones de sólo tres meses, un efecto prospectivo bidireccional positivo entre consumo de alcohol, impulsividad y toma de riesgos.

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